Wednesday, October 30, 2019

English Schools Foundation in Mainland China Case Study

English Schools Foundation in Mainland China - Case Study Example e feasibility and profitability of establishing an English Schools Foundation (ESF) school in Mainland China especially in the emerging cities in Mainland China. China is now a super power. It is the country with the largest population in the world. Due to her advance in the industrial field, Chinese products are today flooding the markets in every part of the globe. To catch foreign markets, a knowledge of English is essential. The present standard of English is very low. The people now desperately want to study foreign languages because proficiency in them is a must if they want to retain their leadership and sell their products in other countries. The simplest and most natural solution is to start international schools. English Schools Foundation ('ESF' the abbreviation will continue to be used in the text) is one of the renowned international schools in Hong Kong. ESF is the largest international school in Hong Kong operating 19 schools at different locations including kindergartens, primary, secondary and one for Special Needs. The target markets are the native English-speaking children and also non-English speaking children who are unable to go to a local educational system due to lack of Chinese language ability. All ESF schools are subsidized by the Hong Kong government and operate independently with a Head Office - ESF Centre which oversee all ESF schools and governed by the Education & Manpower Bureau of the Hong Kong government. Within the last three years, ESF had opened two new private independent schools in Hong Kong which are run privately by ESF without government subvention and the governance of the Hong Kong Government. (www.xinhuanet.com, 2008) On the other hand, there is a huge contrasted phenomenon in the emerging cities like Shanghai,...The simplest and most natural solution is to start international schools. English Schools Foundation ('ESF' the abbreviation will continue to be used in the text) is one of the renowned international schools in Hong Kong. ESF is the largest international school in Hong Kong operating 19 schools at different locations including kindergartens, primary, secondary and one for Special Needs. The target markets are the native English-speaking children and also non-English speaking children who are unable to go to a local educational system due to lack of Chinese language ability. All ESF schools are subsidized by the Hong Kong government and operate independently with a Head Office - ESF Centre which oversee all ESF schools and governed by the Education & Manpower Bureau of the Hong Kong government. Within the last three years, ESF had opened two new private independent schools in Hong Kong which are run privately by ESF without government subvention and the governance of the Hong Kong Government. (www.xinhuanet.com, 2008) On the other hand, there is a huge contrasted phenomenon in the emerging cities like Shanghai, Beijing and some other cities that consist of a booming group of middle-class Chinese, expatriates, local Chinese, etc.

Monday, October 28, 2019

A tool for Financial Reforms in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

A tool for Financial Reforms in the Philippines Essay Taxation is regarded as one among fiscal policies in governance. It plays a vital role in the development of a country. The ability to collect taxes is a core functions of an effective state. Taxes, if used properly, can promote economic growth and lessen income inequalities. For a country like the Philippines, it begins with the actuality that it provides the revenue needed to finance government activities. Thus, the traditional tax reform programs are premised mainly in generating more revenues to finance public expenditures1 Initiating tax reforms, however, are often difficult. Taxation is often referred to as a classic case of a collective action problem. While government provisions of public goods can benefit everyone, the greater majority of the citizens would rather enjoy the benefits of public goods without contributing to the cost of providing them through taxes. This is the reason why there is no consistency for tax reforms, and there are very few lawmakers or legislators who would champion increasing taxes. Moreover, the coercive nature of taxation and perceptions of corruption in government lead to little confidence by citizens that taxes that they pay are translated into public services. Nonetheless, recent studies have shown that engaging citizens to tax debates and bargaining can be a more effective tax reform strategy. This role for taxation as a catalyst for more responsive and accountable governments and for expanding the state-citizens relations. However, is often overlooked. Contemporary study on taxation and development has found that taxation can strengthen state-society relationships with positive consequences for state and the extent to which governments are responsive and accountable top their citizens2. In other words, taxation has the potential not just to increase revenue but to contribute to broad improvements in governance, by encouraging taxpayers to engage directly with the government to demand public services and responsibilities in return for tax compliance. This referred to the state-building approach to tax reforms. Several types of taxes have been evolved based on the existing provisions of the law related to revenue collections. Travel tax is one among those types which the government imposed and mandates in every tourists who leave the country. Travel tax reforms have been changed from the time the administration also changed. Today, amendments, alterations and passing the bills on tourism protection in order to raise revenue for the settlement of debts and borrowings and for government investments purposes. Significance of the Study and Problem Statement The purpose of the research study is to review and analyse the pending Senate Bill No. 2018 â€Å"An Act Allocating the Travel Tax Collection to the Philippine Tourism Authority, Amending thereby Presidential Decree 1183, as Amended, and the Republic Act No.  7722, and For Other Purposes otherwise known as â€Å"The Travel Tax Reform Act of 2013 authored by the Hon. Senator Jinggoy Ejercito Estrada3. It seeks to give a clear view of the elements in passing this bill as part of tax reforms and serves as guiding principles for future tax reforms in the Philippines, eventually, propose specific tax reforms strategies whether this would be applicable to better governance e mphasizing the values of accountability, responsiveness, transparency and a democratic government. How can travel tax reforms can be modified to take more account of government and state-building objectives? This research study will serve as guide on applying the principles of Fiscal administration, its principles, policies and functions and be able to relate our views not only for the academe, actors in the public administration but for the public administration practitioners. The output of this study is to provide adequate information on travel tax reforms in the country for convenience for revenue purposes. The main focus of the analysis is to test whether this pending bill is a necessity for the country’s development. Objectives of the Study The researcher, in particular, intends to come up with the following objective: 1. Present a comprehensive details and review of the pending bill whether this is applicable to the massive development of our economy. 2. Evaluate the Philippines’ experience in travel tax reforms based on specific framework. 3. Determine and examine the existing rules, policies, provisions of the law and how this can be reformed to increase state accountability and increase tax morale. 4. Provide policy recommendations that can be adopted for future travel tax reforms and to give stand on the matter whether this bill shall be passed or not. Fiscal Policy in the Philippine Fiscal Administration In economics and political science, fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection, also known as taxation. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending in various sectors. These changes can affect the following macroeconomic variable in the economy: Aggregate demand, distribution of income, allocation of scarce resources, expenditures, debt borrowings and spending. Development and growth in the economy may vary on the fiscal policy of the government. Fiscal policy refers to the use of the government budget to influence economic activity. It also refers to the â€Å"measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocation of taxes and government expenditures. Fiscal measuresare frequently used to tandem with monetary policy tom achieve certain goals. In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the last few years. The Philippines government’s main source of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being collected. To finance fiscal deficit and debt, the Philippines relies on both domestic and external sources. Fiscal policy during Marcos regime inherited a large fiscal deficit from the previous administration, but managed to reduce fiscal imbalance and improve tax collection through the introduction of the 1986 Tax Reform Program and the value added tax. The Ramos Administration experienced budget surpluses due to substantial gains from massive sales of government assets and strong foreign investments in its early years. However, the implementation of the 1997 Comprehensive Tax Reform and the onset of the Asian financial crisis resulted to a deteriorating fiscal position in the succeeding years and administrations. The Estrada Administration faced a large fiscal deficit due to the decrease in tax effort and the repayment of the Ramos Administration’s debt to contractors and suppliers. During Arroyo Administration, the Expanded Value Added Tax Law was enacted, national debt-to-GDP ratio peaked, and the underspending on public infrastructure and other capital expenditures was observed. During the First Regular Session of the 16th Congress of the Philippines, Senate Bill No. 2018 was introduced by the Hon. Senator Jingoy Ejercito Estrada4. The Bill entitled: â€Å" An Act Allocating the Travel Tax Collection to the Philippine Tourism Authority, Amending Thereby Presidential Decree 1183, and Republic Act 7722, and For Other Purposes: As explained by the Senator, he gives the vital role of tourism industry in boosting the country’s economy. Based on its mantra â€Å" It’s More Fun in the Philippines, the Department of Tourism (DOT) recorded 2. 38 million visitors or an 11.08% increase from various last year’s arrivals, for the first half of 2013 alone. In addition to this, the National Statistical Coordination Board (NCSB) revealed on November 2012 that according to the latest results of the Philippine Tourism Satellite (PTSA), the contribution of tourism in the economy in 2011 was 5. 9%, based on the share of tourism direct gross value added (T DGV) to total gross domestic product. PTSA further revealed that â€Å"share of tourism employment to the total employment in the country slightly increased at 10. 3 percent estimated at 3. 8 million in 2011, higher by 3. 5 percent from last year’s 3. 7 million. 5 Under section 3 of the Senate Bill â€Å"Allocation of Travel Tax Collection to the Philippine Tourism Authority. Pursuant to the aforecited state policy, all proceeds of the travel tax shall be utilized exclusively for the tourism projects of the Philippine Tourism Authority. According to Mr. Julian Misolas Jr6. , The Philippine Tourism Agency is the sole agency responsible for the collection of Travel taxes either a Filipino citizens or a Foreigner leaving the country. The other provisions of the bill stated the restriction of the accredited collection agency, there Remittances of the Travel tax Collection and Submission of reports, Traveltax exemptions, the Travel tax refund, and civil remedies. Under the remedies, there are two options in order to cope up with the circumstances: a) Distraint of Personal property and b) Levy on Real Estate Property. What is Travel Tax? Travel Tax is a levy imposed by the Philippine government on the following individuals who are leaving the count ry irrespective of the place where their air ticket is issued and the form or place or payment, as provided for by Presidential Decree 1183. â€Å"Under presidential Decree (PD) 1183, as amended by PD 1205, Batas Pambansa 38. And Executive Order 283, Filipinos and other nationals traveling to the other countries are required to pay travel tax before departure from the Philippines, irrespective where the air ticket is issued and the form of place of payment†. The following individuals are required to pay the travel tax: Filipino nationals, permanent resident aliens, Non-resident aliens who have stayed in the Philippines for more than one (1). There are exemptions to the general rule: The following Filipino citizens are exempted from the payment of travel tax pursuant to Se2.Of PD 1183, as amended): 1) Overseas Filipino Workers, Filipino permanent residents abroad whose stay in the Philippines is less than a year and 3) infants ( 2 years old and below) . Among those exempted from paying the travel taxes, they have to present valid identification documents to certify the authenticity of stay. Upon submission of the documentary documents, citizens are eligible for reduce rate of travel. Under Republic A ct 7194 otherwise known as the Balikbayan Law, on November 7, 2002 during the 12th Congress this laws was approved. â€Å"An Act Amending Republic Act 6768, Entitled, â€Å"An Act Instituting A Balikabayan Program’ by Providing Additional benefits and Privileges to Balikbayan and For Other Purposes: Sec 1. †¦ A Balikbayan Program is hereby instituted under the administration of the Department of Tourism to attract and encourage Overseas Filipino to come and visit their Motherland Section 1 encourages Overseas Filipino to come and visit their motherland. This is to recognize their notable contribution to the economy of the country through the foreign exchange inflow and revenue that they generate. Section 2 gives the definition of Balikbayan which means a Filipino citizen who has been continuously OUT OF THE Philippines for a period at least one (1) year, A Filipino Overseas workers or a former a Filipino citizens and his or her family. The definition of family and the livelihood tools. Under Section 3 enumerated the benefits and privileges of the balikabayan. Among are the followings: a. Tax- exempt from maximum purchase in the amount of One Thousand Five Hundred united States dollars ($ 1,500.00) or its equivalent in Philippine Peso and in foreign currencies at all government-owned and controlled/operated duty-free shops subject to the limitations contained in Section 4 hereof; b. All domestic carriers shall establish a special promotional/incentive program for the balikbayan. c. Visa free entry to the Philippines for a period of one year (1) year for foreign passport holders, with exception of restricted nationals. d. Travel tax exemption as provided under Presidential Decr ee 1183 and other allied laws e. Especially designated reception areas at the authorized [ports of entry for the expeditious processing of documents. f. Accredited transportation facilities that will ensure their safe and convenient trips upon arrival. The Department of Tourism and the Department of Transportation and Communication and other concerned government agencies are hereby mandated to implement the program for this particular purpose; and g. Kahayan shopping privilege and additional tax exempt purchase in the maximum amount of Two Thousand United States dollars ( $ 2,000.00) or its equivalent in Philippine peso. h. Limitation have been stipulated in the law and duly approved by the President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. It has been published in the official gazetteer at least (two) national papers of general circulations, whichever come earlier. Republic Act 9174 provides framework to those person indicated in Section 1 and 2 of this law for the exemption from paying the travel taxes. Other provisions are the r estrictions and limitations thereat. Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA)_has changed its name to Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority ( TIEZA) under Republic Act 9593 otherwise known as Tourism Act of 2009 duly approved by the president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in May 11, 2009, during the second regular session of the 14th Congress. The Act Entitled â€Å"An Act Declaring a National Policy for Tourism as an Engine of Investment, Employment, Growth and national Development, and Strengthening the Department of Tourism and its Attached Agencies to Effectively, Efficiently implement that Policy and Appropriating Funds Therefor. TIEZA has the sole authority to collect travel taxes and give benefits and privileges to those qualified Filipinos and those stated in Section 2 of the P. D. 1183. A certification of Compliance has been issued to TIEZA which will serve as the Transparency Seal provisions of the General Appropriation Act of 2013, 2012 and 211. Attached as annex a certification issued to TIEZA. Under section 4 of the Act it defined the following terms used: (a) â€Å"Department† refers to the Department of Tourism created pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 189 (1973), as amended.(b) â€Å"Secretary† refers to the Secretary of Tourism (c) â€Å"Duty Free Philippines (DFP) refers to government agency created out of DFP pursuant to this Act. (d) â€Å"Duty Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC) refers to corporate entity created out of DFP pursuant to this Act. (e) â€Å"Philippines Conventions and Visitors Corporation (PCVC) refers to the corporate entity created pursuant to presidential D ecree No. 86, amended. (f) â€Å"Intramuros Administration 9IA) refers to the government agency created pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1616 (1979), as amended. (g) â€Å"Philippine retirement Authority (PRA) refers to the government agency created pursuant to Executive order No. 1037 (1985). (h) â€Å"Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)† refers to government agency created pursuant to this Act. (i) â€Å"Tourism EEnterprise Zone† (TEZ) refers to tourism (j) â€Å"TEZ overseer† refers to any person who shall be appointed by the TIEZA in specific zones to perform such functions as may be delegated by the TIEZA in accordance with law†¦ Other related definitions can refer to Section 4 of this Act. Under Section 72 of this Act provides funding for TIEZA. The TIEZA shall obtained the funds for itys operations from the following: (a) Fifty percent (50%) of the proceeds from the travel tax collections; (b) A reasonable share from the collections of Office of Tourism resource generation, to be determined by the Department (c) Income from Projects managed by TIEZA (d) Subsidies and grants from local and foreign sources that maybe received by the TIEZA. At least five (5%) from the travel tax collection which shall accrue to the TIEZA shall be earmarked for the development of historic, cultural, religious and heritage sits and prime tourist destinations†¦.{underscoring supplied} Section 73 of this Act state the Collection and Allocation of Travel Taxes. For purposes of this Act, the TIEZA shall the principal agency responsible for the timely collection of travel taxes. Amounts to be collected by the TIEZA shall be distributed in the manner provided for under this Act: Provided, that the national government shall for alternative funding sources for programs funded by the travel tax in the event of a phase out travel tax collection following international agreements. Pursuant to Section 72 of this Act fifty percent (50%) of the proceeds out of travel tax collections shall accrue to the tIEZA. The government contribution to the Higher Education Development Fund, equivalent to forty (40%) percent from the total gross collections of travel tax, shall be retained: Provided that the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) shall give priority to tourism related educational programs and course. The ten percent (10%) share of the national Commission for the Culture and the Arts from the total gross collections of the travel tax shall likewise be retained. Public Budgeting Allocation of Budget in Tourism industry especially in the collection and allocation of Travel Taxes has counterpart, with the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), The Department of Finance (DOF), Commission on Audit (COA), Bureau of Internal (BIR), The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts (NCAA) and other concerned agency in tourism industry. The Appropriation based on the General Appropriation Act of 2013 for the Department of Tourism (DOT). It is a political process because the decision and priorities is determine more valuable to the society and boosting technical and merit with constituents need or demands.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

john hancock :: essays research papers

Schizophrenia What You Need to Know Schizophrenia is a serious disorder which affects how a person thinks, feels and acts. Someone with schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is imaginary; may be unresponsive or withdrawn; and may have difficulty expressing normal emotions in social situations. Contrary to public perception, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The vast majority of people with schizophrenia are not violent and do not pose a danger to others. Schizophrenia is not caused by childhood experiences, poor parenting or lack of willpower, nor are the symptoms identical for each person. What causes schizophrenia? The cause of schizophrenia is still unclear. Some theories about the cause of this disease include: genetics (heredity), biology (the imbalance in the brain’s chemistry); and/or possible viral infections and immune disorders. Genetics (Heredity). Scientists recognize that the disorder tends to run in families and that a person inherits a tendency to develop the disease. Schizophrenia may also be triggered by environmental events, such as viral infections or highly stressful situations or a combination of both. Similar to some other genetically-related illnesses, schizophrenia appears when the body undergoes hormonal and physical changes, like those that occur during puberty in the teen and young adult years. Chemistry. Genetics help to determine how the brain uses certain chemicals. People with schizophrenia have a chemical imbalance of brain chemicals (serotonin and dopamine) which are neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters allow nerve cells in the brain to send messages to each other. The imbalance of these chemicals affects the way a person’s brain reacts to stimuli--which explains why a person with schizophrenia may be overwhelmed by sensory information (loud music or bright lights) which other people can easily handle. This problem in processing different sounds, sights, smells and tastes can also lead to hallucinations or delusions. What are the early warning signs of schizophrenia? The signs of schizophrenia are different for everyone. Symptoms may develop slowly over months or years, or may appear very abruptly. The disease may come and go in cycles of relapse and remission. Behaviors that are early warning signs of schizophrenia include: Hearing or seeing something that isn’t there A constant feeling of being watched Peculiar or nonsensical way of speaking or writing Strange body positioning Feeling indifferent to very important situations Deterioration of academic or work performance A change in personal hygiene and appearance A change in personality Increasing withdrawal from social situations

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Cross-cultural communication, Essay

The purpose of this essay is to use reflection on an aspect of my learning that I have come across so far as a student nurse, and how I plan to use this knowledge when I start my placements. This will give me a good base on which to build my interpersonal skills. After having a brief introduction on various religions, it brought to my attention the diversity in multi cultural societies and how, as a nurse I need a good understanding of treatment and communication barriers that I will come across. The United Kingdom (UK) has welcomed a mixture of ethnic groups, each bringing with their own culture, with their own language. Multiculturalism is an ideology that promotes the institutionalism of communities containing multiple cultures. I have taken it upon myself to find out information to gain more knowledge on different religions, values and beliefs, and the different aspects of care this relates to. This will then enable me to support patients and their families more efficiently, effectively and in a patient centred manor. In terms of using reflection throughout this essay, I Plan to use Gibbs Reflective Cycle (Gibbs 1988). This will help with structural preferences. I will also be reflecting individually on some of the knowledge I gained. Reflection aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice to show the interrelation of skills and knowledge. Reflection relates to me as a student nurse as suggested by Hargreaves (1997 pp.04) â€Å"that reflective practice is often included in professional education programs as a way of encouraging practitioners to critically evaluate their behaviour, beliefs and ideas on practice†. She states that this will lead to improved clinical expertise and, consequently, improve nursing care. Description The first Lecture I received on Religion was an Introduction to the chaplaincy team. They provide spiritual guidance for anyone needing advice, courage and support. Wittenburg-Lyles E, (2008) explains that The Chaplaincy team are able to provide visits to local places. This lecture increased my awareness of faith and moral issues. During my placements, I will come across many different cultures and religions. This is when I realised I needed to do a lot of research into different faiths to enable me to support my patients and their beliefs. I was given an example that I may come across. Some religious belief in praying on their knees, if a patient for some reason needed to have their leg amputated, this would then effect a certain aspect of their life. Therefore I would need to support them in a way that they could still meet there religious needs. I will reflect on this in practice by widening my knowledge on different religions. Next, we explored Morals, Values and beliefs; here I learnt about the responsibilities I will have as a nurse, for example, how to respect patient’s dignity and privacy (Baillie, 2011). I have an understanding that each individual is unique. I will reflect on this in practice by treating each patient as an individual. Regardless of their race, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs or political beliefs. Thirdly in another lecture, I was introduced to two service users and cultural perspectives in health care. A Buddhist from the Chaplaincy service came in to the university. I found it very interesting finding out some Buddhism’s beliefs. For an example, death is inevitable and Buddhists like to prepare for death when meditating. Buda’s also like to carry a small Buda, picture of a Buda or beads for chanting to remember their teacher. We then had a talk about Christianity from a Catholic Farther. I learnt that there will be dietary requirements inside Christianity, as some Christians will only eat fish on a Friday, no meat. They also like to carry on them a symbol of Christianity. That may be beads, holy water or a wooden cross. Christians do not like to be overly exposed during personal care needs. This has now widened my knowledge on two different religions. I shall reflect on this by taking the knowledge I have gained into practice, for when I come across patients with these beliefs. As a nurse sometimes there will be conflict when it comes to religions of employees but you must not to be judgemental, (Nursing and Midwifery council (NMC), 2010). Because of being a nurse, this is mainly due to infection control. Some staff maybe asked to remove clothing or jewellery, which could be against their religious beliefs, although head wear is now allowed for nursing and doctors. Some would argue this is discrimination, as some can get away with it. I think this is a typical example of how religious beliefs can also affect staff as well as patients and relatives. NMC (2010) states that as a nurse I may recognise diversity and respect with cultural differences, values and beliefs of others including the people you care for and other members of staff. Feelings I feel the lectures I attended were very interesting, it was not until this point that I realised it would be a very interesting topic to reflect upon and learn more about. Both the Buddhist and the Christian, were very helpful when anyone wanted to know anything, they both leased with the class at the start of their lecture by making a plan of what, we as a class wanted to cover throughout the duration of the lecture. I do feel that I held back too much when it came to questions at the end and could have asked some more questions myself, all though others asked similar questions to what I was thinking. The information I gained during these three lectures has been useful. But I felt as if I still needed to widen my knowledge further by doing some research. I believe the first step is to be self aware of my own cultural beliefs. Being self aware is crucial as will identify any prejudices or attitudes that could be making a barrier in front of good communication, best practice and patient advocacy. Festini F (2009) comments that, Effective communication is the main aspect of delivering culturally competent care. This is where I needed to reflect upon myself by looking into the Johari Window and the four Quadrants. Being self aware is a two way process. If we do not know who we are, we don’t know how we appear to others. This made me realise I need to become more confident in myself when asking questions in front of my group. This will take time with feeling comfortable. Evaluation Throughout my learning on this topic so far, it has been very useful to see where my knowledge is lacking. I know need to research further into this topic. It has given me the incentive to widen my knowledge. These lectures on religion have been an eye opener. I have realised there is so much complexity in relation to region and different faiths that as a nurse, I will need to know about. Previously I would have had no knowledge on this. I will improve on this by using a range of research ideas to gain knowledge which will then increase efficiency, I will continue to reflect on this area in order to develop as a nurse. Analysis It was at this point I realised that although the information that I have gained so far has been more than useful, it did not answer all my questions. As I still need some more guidance on what to do in situations I may come across when out in practice, whether this may be communication or treatment barrier issues. Morals are influenced by cultural values, beliefs and religion, not only by the law (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010). Morals values and beliefs and assumptions influence healthcare. I understand that cultural and language barriers can complicate situations. As a professional I must have the ability to interact effectively with clients and other professionals. During social interaction, I believe that nurses should avoid stereotyping when caring for patients from different cultures, suggested by Alexis, (2011). I have come cross a few patients from different religions with their own languages whilst I have been working in care. When communicating with a patient that does not speak English as their first language, care can be compromised if effective communication is not used. When explaining something to the patient, there needs to be a balance between using simple sentences without being patronising. For example I would ask do you hurt anywhere, or are you in any pain? Instead of saying, are you in any discomfort? I would encourage staff not to use as many medical terms, I understand this may otherwise be confusing and distressing for the patient. I would only ask one question at a time to avoid overwhelming the individual. When asking patients these questions, I must also understand a patient’s cultural perceptions and experiences regarding pain (Magnusson, 2011). I can reflect on this when I go into practice by involving their cultural perceptions when decision making on pain relief. I think sometimes a quiet time is a good time to access your patient’s communication skills. I would then have more time to look at their non-verbal clues, posture, facial expressions, is there any eye contact used or maybe there are signs of anxiety. When situations arise around communication barriers I work with other members of staff, the patient’s relatives and different members of the multidisciplinary team so that I can find out the best ways possible to communicate with them, and any particular activities of daily living or rituals (Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1998), that are important and relevant to their cultural needs. In some of my findings, I came across some good examples of how there could be a barrier between you and your patient in terms of personal care. I found that some patients do not feel comfortable if they are being touched by the opposite sex. Others dislike their heads being uncovered, they must keep it covered with clothing for modesty. These views come mainly from Jewish and Islamic religions. I found it very interesting to know that two different religions may not like a certain part of care to be carried out but for two completely different reasons. Asian Americans do not like any touching of the head as their view is that it is impolite, as they believe that their spirit resides there. I found out that in some cases all you need to do is ask for permission. This reflects back to good communication skills. I consider the main objective of communication between the nurse and patients is that messages are understood accurately. My research told me that most health agencies have access to medical interpreters for major languages. There is usually a member of the family that maybe helpful by speaking English, but they are not as reliable as interpreters, explained by, Griffith, (2009). Another reason why not to use a family member as an interpreter is that they might only translate the bits that they want the patient to hear and not the full story. I understand that if there is a family member interpreter or a professional interpreter, the potential for misunderstanding can increase. I found the information from Ting Toomey (1999) very interesting for this. She describes three ways that culture can interfere with effective cross cultural understanding. These being, Cognitive constraints, Behaviour constraints and Emotional constraints. I believe that it is crucial that all staff should document the specific communication skills that are needed with each individual patient and the patient’s response. As suggested by Festini, (2011). Weather this be in the medical record or a care plan. In my past experiences it is also crucial that these affective communication skills are past on through handovers, which increases the opportunity for successful staff-patient interactions, (Randell, 2011). I plan to take my ideas and past experiences into practice with me. As I feel it works brilliantly and is effective in terms of meeting patients, beliefs and preferences. I am also aware that each placement I go to may have a different way of doing things. I look forward to gaining new knowledge that may better my communication skills for people with cultural preferences. It is also essential to remember privacy when assessing a patient from a different culture. A quiet setting is always best, most importantly somewhere where you will not be disturbed. This is where I would utilise my background knowledge into different religions, and use different strategies with in my knowledge. For example, some religions do not like direct eye contact. I read more into this when I spoke to some of the students in my class, as some of them are from different cultures. One from Zimbabwe explained to me that in Zimbabwe they only look people into the eye when they are looking for a fight or trouble. He also explained how he had to change his perception of others looking at him when he moved to the UK as every English man he came across looked into his eyes, this at first was scary for him, but he is now okay with it. This has brought to my attention that although this cannot be avoided, I as a nurse should still be respectful to their beliefs and consider the patients preferences. I also researched some of the decisions that patients make in connection to religious beliefs regarding treatment. Law can be used to challenge the decisions a parent or next of kin (NOK) decides but this usually only happens when the treatment is life saving. The NOK or the patient themselves need to be able to make an informed decision in order to give consent or refuse treatment. I am aware that some religions refuse certain life saving treatments, and understand my role as a nurse is to advocate in my patients best interest, inform the patient or NOK of treatment options and consequences of refusing treatment. Emergency situations will not arise everyday in my nurse training or career, but I have more knowledge of my role should I be faced with this type of situation. Where religion may sway a patient’s decision all other options for treatment should be considered (Haan, 2005). As a nurse, it is my job to ensure my patient has an advocate, alternatives, and support to understand consequences of treatments and what will happen if they refuse. Conclusion Initially I was unsure of which area of my learning I should reflect upon. After having worked in care previously, I felt looking into religion would not only be something good to reflect on but something interesting I could also learn upon. After everything I have learnt within this topic so far, I have gained a new perspective on religions, morals and beliefs. . I wasn’t sure whether I was going to use a reflective model because I wasn’t sure if it was going to be appropriate as it is very structured. Once I had started to educate myself on a Multicultural Society and throughout planning my notes I began to realise how helpful it was to have a structure, I was able to structure my notes into different sections which proved to be very useful. Throughout writing my essay I have learnt to have a lot more belief in myself and the ability I have in writing an essay. But I have been able to identify my lack of knowledge on religion and culture. I think social issues will arise when staff members have a lack of understanding and knowledge of different religious beliefs, other than their own. This gave me the incentive to learn and research more to gain a better understanding, and widen my knowledge. Therefore I will be able to educate other nurses. I belief I could still now, expand on this knowledge further and I plan to do this throughout my time as a student and in my future career. Action Plan My action plan will include and implement a method of reviewing everything that I have learnt from past experiences and research, thereby using reflective thinking. I will be apply the knowledge I have Learnt and encompass this in practice as a student nurse and also a registered nurse, which will help me become a safe and competent practitioner. If I was to come across a patient with specific religious beliefs I feel I could support them as well as their family by, not only by ensuring I provide good holistic care but also allowing them to maintain a good link with their religious beliefs. If I was to come across a patient that I could not talk to, I would use past experiences by using models and pictures which to a degree would be a great help. This would help the patients to identify their treatment procedures or help me to identify their needs. I understand that some patients I meet may have a family member that may make the decisions as their next of kin, or medical power of attorney. I believe I would also need to communicate well with the family member. I would take into consideration maybe a spiritual advisor, not just painkillers as a healer. In some people’s eyes, their god or spiritual leader is their way of healing. If in my career I come across a child patient for example in A&E, which had a religion barrier in the way of treatment. I would have to support certain legislations to ensure the refusing of medical treatment did not cause death, if parents deny this; I would have to involve other professionals. From my findings I now have good cross cultural communications skills, this can enhance my nursing. I could build the patients confidence in situations I may come across. By being aware and alert I feel I could improve the patient’s safety and wellbeing by minimising any cultural differences. I will enable my patients to continue with their religious practice whilst in a health care setting. â€Å"Word Count: 3004† References Alexis, O. 2011. Health and cultural sensitivity in a diversifying society. British journal of healthcare assistants , 5 (6), p.297. Baillie, L. 2011. Respecting dignity in care in diverse care settings: strategies of UK nurses. International Journal of nursing practice. 17 (4) p.336. Festini, F., 2009. Providing transcultural to children and parents: an exploratory study from Italy. Journal of nursing scholarship, 41 (2), pp.220-7. Forrest, M.E.S., 2011. On becoming a critically reflective practitioner, Health information and libraries journal, [online] Available at: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2008.00787.x/full [Accessed 01 may 2012]. Griffith, J.K., 2004. The religious aspects of nursing care. 4th ed. UBC School of Nursing. Griffith, R. and Tengnah, C., 2010. Law and professional issues in nursing. 2nd ed. Cornwall: Learning matters Ltd. Haan, J., 2005. A Jehovah’s witness with complex abdominal trauma and coagulopathy: use of factor VII and a review to the literature. American Surgeon, 71 (5), pp. 414-5. Hargreaves, J., 2002. Reflecting on your expert practice. Nursing Times Net. [online]28 February. http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/reflecting-on-your-expert-practice. [ 29 April 2012]. Logan, Rogan, Tierney., 2000. The Roper, Logan and Tierney (1996) Model: perceptions and operationalization of the model in psychiatric nursing with in a health board in Ireland. Jan Journal of advanced nursing, 31 (6). Pp.1333-1341. Magnusson, JE., 2011. Understanding the role of culture in pain: maori practitioner perspectives relation to the experience of pain. New Zealand medical journal. 124 (1328), pp.41-51. Randell, R., 2011. The importance of the verbal shift handover report: a multi-site case study. International Journal of medical informatics, 80 (11), pp. 803-12. Wittenberg-lyles, E., 2008. Communication dynamics in hospice teams, understanding the role of the chaplain in interdisciplinary team collaboration. Journal of palliative medicine, 11 (10), p.336. International online training program on intractable conflict, 1999. Cultural barriers to effective communication. [online] Available at: www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/cultrbar. htm [Accessed 10 April 2012) Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010. Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwifes, London: NMC

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Nonverbal Communication: a Serious Business Advantage

Business Advantage 2 Nonverbal Communication: A Serious Business Advantage Whether it is called intuition or just good judgment, the ability to perceive and to use nonverbal cues to one’s advantage gives the business person the power and the skill to be more successful. T. S. Eliot wrote in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, â€Å"There will be time, there will be time / To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. † Perhaps he meant that those in business must be prepared in such a way as to make their face agree with the message that the consumer expects to receive.The communication experts agree that when two people have a face-to-face conversation only a small fraction of the total message they share is actually contained in the words they use. A portion of the message is contained in the tone of voice, accent, speed, volume, and inflection. However, approximately 93 percent of it is understood through nonverbal communication behaviors (Source needed). The c ombination of gestures, postures, facial expressions, and even clothing can support or interfere with the verbal messages that a person delivers.The importance of nonverbal cues in the business world has not been studied extensively, but it only makes sense that it can have a strong impact on any communication within or outside the business realm. For instance, selling is an area where the nonverbal actions can make or break a deal. People are unlikely to want to buy from a sales person who refuses to make eye contact, who has poor posture, who lacks energy, and who seems unconvinced about the products and services represented. The importance of nonverbal communication in conjunction with appropriate verbal skills can make a difference to the success of a business transaction.Therefore, this paper will Business Advantage 3 examine nonverbal communication as an important and integral component for business organizations and will determine nonverbal cues that are beneficial for succes sful business interactions. The ability to perceive and use nonverbal cues to one’s advantage gives the business person the power to be successful. Nonverbal communication includes any part of the body used by a person to send a message to another person. A person’s dress, attitude and movements are all contributions to personal business transactions.Sentence and Verbal CommunicationThese cues can help a business owner get the message across or be able to correctly interpret a message received from a customer. Often the nonverbal messages express true feelings more accurately than the actual words. A study by Fatt (1998), notes that any communication in interpersonal relationships is insufficient with just mere words (p. 1). Consequently, he states, â€Å"Nonverbal communication thus becomes the yardstick against which words and intentions are measured† (p. 1). The most common use of nonverbal communication in business has been in marketing research.It is used t o determine consumers’ attitudes towards new products. For example, executives watching a focus test group pay more attention to the nonverbal cues of the group. They are able to more closely identify the test group’s true feelings by observing their body language, facial expressions and eye contact. Facial expressions especially are particularly helpful as they can show hidden emotions that contradict their verbal statements (Remland, 1981, p. 18). Additionally, in business settings, the way one is viewed affects his transactions. Martin Remland (1981) writes that as much as 90 percent of a manager’s time is spentBusiness Advantage 4 communicating with others face-to-face (p. 2). Therefore, business people especially managers have to present themselves as a complete package that includes knowledge of their products, appropriate dress, and adequate use of nonverbal behaviors that depicts sincerity and trustworthiness. Nonverbal behavior is a major component of p ower perception in a business setting. Within a business, the main function of nonverbal communication is to facilitate relationships. Organizations have two major sectors—management and staff—who are usually at odds with each other.According to Aguinis and Henle (2001), â€Å"The effective use of power and the perceptions of one’s power by subordinates, peers and superiors are critical determinants of managerial and organizational success† (p. 537). In this study on perception of power bases, Aquinis and Henle used three specific nonverbal behaviors—eye contact, facial expression, and body posture (p. 538). They defined power as the â€Å"potential of an agent to alter a target’s behavior, intentions, attitude, beliefs, emotion, or values† (p. 538). They also used French and Raven’s power taxonomy that includes five types (p. 538).The first is reward power that means the target believes he can get â€Å"something† from the agent. Second is the coercive power where the target thinks the agent can and will punish him. The third power is legitimate power where the target must obey what the agent requests. Referent power is the need for the target to be associated with the agent. Lastly, the expert power is the target’s belief that the agent is very knowledgeable. Using these definitions of power in vignettes, Aguinis and Henle manipulated one employee’s nonverbal behavior while asking a second employee to rate the power base.Business Advantage 5 They found that direct eye contact and a relaxed facial expression increased perception of power except for coercive power. Body posture had no effect at all. There are other less sophisticated indicators that also signify status. These include behaviors and appearance cues such as clothing, age, gender, and race. In a study by Mast and Hall (2004), the accuracy of judging other people’s status based on behavioral and appearance cues was investigated. They found that only one cue was used to determine if a woman was in higher status.That was a downward head tilt. In males, the observers used both formal dress and a forward lean (p. 161). Mast and Hall also indicated that erect posture was not indicative of status in their research (p. 161). Communication experts agree that in face-to-face communication 93 percent of the message is nonverbal and only seven percent is in the actual words which is absolutely necessary to understand in a business setting. Garside and Kleiner (1991) state, â€Å"This implies that what we say is not as important as how we say it† (p. 26).Today’s businesses need employees who are not only knowledgeable in their field but who also have exceptional interpersonal skills. It is understood that most successful executives prefer verbal communication because it allows them to read body language and to hear tone of voice. Fatt (1998) believes that knowledge of nonverbal processes of communication can improve business success. According to Fatt, â€Å"†¦face-to-face communication, which is heavily weighted with nonverbal information stimulates the greatest number of senses, and provides more complete information than any other mode† (p. ). Business Advantage 6 Since knowledge of nonverbal processes can enhance business success, it is important to recognize and use appropriate nonverbal cues. The first of these is face-to-face communication which provides immediate feedback that allows the business person to modify one’s approach to meet the needs of each encounter. In a research study by Graham, Unruh, and Jennings (1991), they gathered information on the importance of nonverbal feedback to accurate assessments in business transactions.Their findings indicated that nonverbal communication was important to all surveyed and showed that most relied on facial expressions for accurate information. Their recommendations for businesses included, â₠¬Å"†¦paying more attention to nonverbal cues, engaging in more eye contact, and probing for more information when verbal and nonverbal cues are discrepant† (p. 60). One way to do so is through reinforcement behavior that demonstrates approval or disapproval. Also, response-matching is a way in which the business person uses a similar style of speech, posture, or gestures.Thirdly, accommodation is a way of adjusting to personal styles of those involved. It involves â€Å"issues of territoriality, dominance and/or submissiveness, and intimacy† (Fatt, 1998, p. 5). Professionals must use this feedback to note the body language to modify and adjust to the receiver’s behaviors. Another factor to consider is that face-to-face also allows a portion of the message to be contained in vocal elements. These include tone of voice, speed, volume and inflection (Graham et al. , p. 58). Establishing rapport is also a valuable result of face-to-face communication.Rapport is essential in building good business relations with customers and co-workers. It helps Business Advantage 7 to communicate understanding and acceptance of the other person. There are behaviors that greatly contribute to establishing a personal relationship. These include: a sincere smile, a relaxed open stance, a slight lean towards the other person, and maintained eye contact. Mirroring is a very useful technique that can send as well as receive subtle nonverbal messages. In order to mirror another person, it is necessary to match their rate of breathing, speak at the same rate of speech and in their tone of voice.It is also necessary to assume a similar posture and body language to confirm rapport and a comfortable environment. According to Fatt, â€Å"A salesperson who mirror customer’s behavior well and out of a sincere desire to communicate or to be of service usually established a strong rapport with a customer† (p. 6). A business person also utilizes information from nonverbal sources to overcome any barriers to communication with clients. Effective communication is an important aspect of management and sales positions.By decoding nonverbal behaviors, business people can increase their knowledge and understanding of what the client desires. In the first initial contact first impressions can affect both sides of the business transaction. Therefore, a a person who displays confidence has a great advantage in developing rapport and trust with business associates. One’s ability to signal trustworthiness is a significant result of knowledge of nonverbal communication. In a research study conducted by Wood (2006), the findings were that â€Å"nonverbal signals are a particularly important mode of communication between the sender and receiver† (p. 02). Wood also stated that there is an â€Å"importance of the immediate encounter between salespeople and Business Advantage 8 customers. During the first encounter, these nonverbal signa ls are sought out, perceived, and used by customers in their assessment of the trustworthiness of salespeople† (p. 202). Therefore, by using and focusing on nonverbal techniques, the business person can give signals of trustworthiness. Additionally, Wood found that for salespeople all nonverbal signals have a significant impact on the customers (p. 202).Along with confidence, the business person must have an adequate knowledge of reading nonverbal signals. For those with confidence, this type of communication is very natural and they give little thought to it. They greet customers and associates with a firm handshake that send a statement about their confidence. In addition, unflinching eye contact is a sign of frankness and interest which are both essential to sway and sell. David Morand (2001) presented research that suggested management also needed to be able to appraise emotional expressions of customers.He stated, â€Å"Sensing others’ emotional states is obviousl y a skill central to the whole notion of interpersonal communicative competency† (p. 23). He found that it was essential for â€Å"managers to have the ability to decode messages sent by others, specifically focusing on messages existing at a nonverbal emotional level† (p. 23). There are also nontraditional uses of nonverbal communication in the business setting. For instance, the business facility makes a visible statement that reflects its own perceptions. It makes a visible statement about its culture and the way business is done at that facility.One example of this is the head-quarters of Bank of America. It is a very dark, large structure that looms over all the other buildings near it. This sends a powerful message of the perceptions of their company image (Fatt, 1998, p. 2). Larson and Kleiner Business Advantage 9 (2004) claim, â€Å"A company with a strong culture and a lot of pride in itself will typically reflect that pride through its physical environmentâ⠂¬  (p. 2). Additionally, the office furnishings give more information to customers. The furniture of employees gives clues as to the status of that person in the company.If one is on the bottom of the work hierarchy, there probably would be a small, cheaply-made desk with a small chair. The next class would add arms to the chair and some other piece of furniture. Management would have larger desks, a bookshelf and a table. Finally, the top executives would have plush carpeting and a sofa in addition to what those below had (p. 2). Included in the physical aspects of a business is the office environment. Businesses that are more open with very few walls rely on constant communication. They send the message that there are few barriers to communication.They physical aspects of a business help customers to gain insight into the organization and to the people who work within it (Larson & Kleiner, p. 3). Another nontraditional use of nonverbal communication in the business setting is th rough the use of computers with growing online businesses. Online businesses are at a disadvantage without the assistance of nonverbal interactions. However, according to Timothy Bickmore (2004), there is a huge need for programs that recognize and receive nonverbal signals in order to increase sales volume (p. 9). In addition, many companies are utilizing text messaging and instant messaging for customer assistance. Qiu and Benbasat (2005) investigated advancement for programming to develop a trust relationship since this medium is void of any nonverbal signals (p. 75). They state, â€Å"With the help of emerging multimedia technologies, companies can now use computer- Business Advantage 10 generated voice and humanoid avatars to embody customer service representatives, thus enriching the interactive experiences of their customers† (p. 75).Bickmore adds, â€Å"Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are animated humanoid computer characters that emulate face-to-face conversat ions through the use of hand gestures, facial display, head motion, gaze behavior, body posture, and speech intonation† (p. 39). However, Bickmore also states, â€Å"There is no cookbook defining all of the rules for human face-to-face interaction that human-computer interface practitioners can simply implement† (p. 44). Until ECAs are fully functioning, companies should continue with the proven face-to-face interactions to improve sales volume.Because businesses try to eliminate unnecessary travel and expenses, they are utilizing such mediums as videoconferencing. Even though videoconferencing can replace business meetings, there are disadvantages. The immediate feedback that comes with face-to-face contains cues from the facial expression, voice inflection, and gestures is often not as effective with videoconferencing. For instance, Bekkering and Shim (2006) state, â€Å"With a slow signal, it may appear to the viewer that the speaker hesitates, and hesitation in ans wering is generally considered to be a sign of dishonesty† (p. 105).Another concern is that the camera used can be manipulated to improve one’s advantage such as making one appear taller and giving more influence over the meeting. A third concern involves turn-taking cues. â€Å"In face-to-face conversations, participants alternate speaking and listening by using an intricate mechanism of verbal and nonverbal cues† (p. 105). These researchers go on to say that in videoconferencing one gives up eye contact because it is distorted by separation of screen and camera (p. 105). This infers Business Advantage 11 that perhaps the speaker is being deceptive, and, thus, there is a lack of trust.Therefore, business people will find face-to-face communication a better source of feedback as well as a better rapport builder. Ralph Waldo Emerson said, â€Å"What you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear what you say† (Inspirational Quotes). This has never been truer than in today’s business world. There is a vital link between nonverbal communication and business success. Because of this, body language and other nonverbal cues are communication tools that are too powerful to be ignored. Nonverbal communication can enhance a business person’s powers to persuade while removing any communication barriers with clients.It can improve relationships between the work hierarchies, thus changing the work atmosphere to be more productive. Additionally, it can serve in a nontraditional manner where the business facility itself makes a statement about the company image. The uses of understanding nonverbal communication in a work environment are endless. Therefore, there is still a definite need for training in this area for all employees of a business. This training would complete the business person’s package that includes required knowledge of the business represented, charisma, and employability skills.In conclusion, since effective comm unication is based on skills, and skills can be learned, then communication abilities can be improved in the business environment. It is an integral part of hearing what is said in a business transaction. Business Advantage 12 References Aguinis, H. , & Henle, C. (2001). Effects of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of a female employee’s power base. Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 537-549. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (6002448). Bekkering, E. , & Shim, J. P. (2006). i2i Trust in videoconferencing. Communications of the ACM, 49(7), 103-107.Retrieved March 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (21469769). Bickmore, T. W. (2004). Unspoken rules of spoken interactions. Communications of the ACM, 47(4), 38-44. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (12713418). Fatt, J. P. (1998). Nonverbal communication and business success. Management Research News, 21(4/5), 1-8. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from Proquest database (295500641). Garside, S. G. , & Kle iner, B. H. (1991). Effective one-to-one communication skills. Industrial and Commercial Training, 23(7), 24-27. Retrieved April 12, 2007, From EBSCOhost database (4636901). Graham, G. H. Unruh, J. , & Jennings, P. (1991). The impact of nonverbal communication in organizations: A survey of perceptions. Journal of Business Communication, 28(1), 45-62. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (5765878). Inspirational quotes for business and work: Nonverbal communication. Retrieved March 18, 2007 from http://humanresources. about. com/od/interpersonalcommunicatio1/ Business Advantage 13 a/quotes_nonverb. htm Larson, J. , &Kleiner B. (2004). How to read nonverbal communication in organizations. Management Research News, 27(4/5), 17-22. Retrieved March 27, 2007, fromProquest database (656765051). Mast, M. S. , & Hall, J. A. (2004). Who is the boss and who is not? accuracy of judging status. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(3), 145-165. Morand, D. A. (2001). The emotional intell igence of managers: Assessing the construct validity of a nonverbal measure of â€Å"people skills†. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(1), 21-33. Qiu, L. , & Benbasat, I. (2005). Online consumer trust and live help interfaces: The effects of test-to-speech voice and three-dimensional avatars. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 19(1), 75-94. Retrieved March 7, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (18324428). Remland, M. (1981). Developing leadership skills in nonverbal communication: A situational perspective. Journal of Business Communication, 18(3), 18-29. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (5765673). Wood, J. A. (2006). NLP revisited: nonverbal communications and signals of trustworthiness. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 26(2), 197-204. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from EBSCOhost database (6456374). Business Advantage 1 Nonverbal Communication: A Serious Business Advantage Wesley George Nonverbal Communication Dr. Lynn Meade Apr il 27, 2007

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

An Update About Deforestation in Canada

An Update About Deforestation in Canada Deforestation, or the loss of forests, is progressing at a fast pace worldwide. This issue gets much attention in tropical regions where rainforests are converted to agriculture, but large swaths of boreal forests are cut each year in colder climates. Canada has long enjoyed an excellent standing in terms of environmental stewardship. That reputation is being seriously challenged as the federal government is promoting aggressive policies on fossil fuel exploitation, dropping climate change commitments, and muzzling federal scientists. What does Canada’s recent record on deforestation look like? An Important Player in the Global Forest Picture Canada’s use of its forest is significant because of the global importance of its wooded lands – 10% of the world’s forests are located there. Most of it is boreal forest, defined by stands of coniferous trees in subarctic regions. A lot of the boreal forest is far from roads and this isolation makes Canada the steward of much of the remaining primary or â€Å"pristine forests† not fragmented by human activity. These wilderness areas play important roles as wildlife habitat and as climate regulators. They produce large amounts of oxygen and store carbon, thus reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a key greenhouse gas. Net Losses Since 1975, about 3.3 million hectares (or 8.15 million acres) of Canadian forest were converted to non-forest uses, representing about 1% of the total forested areas. These new uses are primarily agriculture, oil/gas/mining, but also urban development. Such changes in land use can truly be considered deforestation, as they result in permanent or at least very long-lasting loss of forest cover. Cut Forests Does Not Necessarily Mean Lost Forest Now, a much greater amount of forest is cut each year as part of the forest products industry. These forest cuts amount to around a half million hectares a year. The main products issued from Canada’s boreal forest are softwood lumber (typically used in construction), paper, and plywood. The forest products sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP is now only slightly more than 1%. Canada’s forestry activities do not convert forests into pastures like in the Amazon Basin, or into palm oil plantations as in Indonesia. Instead, forestry activities are done as part of management plans prescribing practices to encourage natural regeneration or the direct replanting of new seedling trees. Either way, the cutover areas will return to forest cover, with only a temporary loss of habitat or carbon-storing capabilities. Around 40% of Canada’s forests are enrolled in one of the three leading forest certification programs, which require sustainable management practices. A Major Concern, Primary Forests The knowledge that most forests cut in Canada are managed to grow back doesn’t detract from the fact that primary forest continued to be cut at an alarming rate. Between 2000 and 2014, Canada is responsible for the greatest total loss, acreage-wise, of primary forest in the world. This loss is due to the continued spread of road networks, logging, and mining activities. Over 20% of the world’s total loss of primary forests occurred in Canada. These forests will grow back to, but not as secondary forests. Wildlife necessitating large amounts of land (for example, woodland caribou and wolverines) will not come back, invasive species will follow the road networks, as will hunters, mining prospectors, and second-home developers. Perhaps less tangibly, but just as importantly, the unique character of the vast and wild boreal forest will be diminished. Sources: ESRI. 2011. Canadian Deforestation Mapping and Carbon Accounting for Kyoto Agreement.Global Forest Watch. 2014. World Lost 8 Percent of its Remaining Pristine Forests Since 2000.Natural Resources Canada. 2013. The State of Canada’s Forests. Annual Report.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Making Ethical Decisions For The Society Example

Making Ethical Decisions For The Society Example Making Ethical Decisions For The Society – Article Example Ethical decision al Affiliation Every career as a discipline is founded on a number of ethical guidelines. Ethics stream linethe working environment. In this particular case the ethical issues are set in a medical related situation. The ethics are based on two factors, which are the individual factor and organizational context. The process of decision making is mostly determined by the influence of these factors. The ethical dilemma in this case was the treatment of a patient with a rare type of internal bleeding. After consideration of his condition the physician, nurses and hospital administration agree to admit him. However his condition didn’t improve but instead strained the hospital resources.Through the hospital policies and procedures the employees were able to make a decision by considering the mission, vision and values of the hospital. These considerations gave guidance to the staff to make a critical decision of saving life. The patient’s condition did not i mprove even after getting much treatment. After some time the hospital could feel the financial strain it was getting from keeping the patient. However, they struggled to treat the patient with the hope that he would get well. From this analysis, it’s clear that the hospital practiced medical ethics to their best with even the condition of the patient deteriorating.The entire process faced many challenges to achieve the objectives. The hospital was goal driven and all key players where expected to play their part for a common goal. To some extend the entire process was effective since it valued the life of the victim more. Employment of a new physician to the hospital saw the end of the entire life saving procedure. The new physician felt that the survival chances of the patient were slim and put him on sedatives. This gave the chance to breaking from what most nurses believed in as per the ethics. From this entire case, we learn the roles played by everyone in an organizatio n to meet the ethical recommendation.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Understanding Citizen Journalism

Understanding Citizen Journalism Citizen journalism involves private individuals, who are normally the consumers of journalism, generating their own news content. Citizens collect, report, analyze, and disseminate news and information, just as professional journalists would, creating what is known as user-generated content. These amateur journalists produce news in many forms, ranging from a podcast editorial to a report about a city council meeting on a blog, and is usually digital in nature. It can also include text, pictures, audio, and video. Social media plays a major role in disseminating news and promoting citizen journalism content. Since the general public has 24/7 access to technology, citizens are often the first on-scene for breaking news, getting these stories out more quickly than traditional media reporters. However, unlike professional journalists, citizen journalists may not have conducted the same background research and source verification, which can make these leads less reliable. Collaborations vs. Independent Reporting Citizens are able to contribute content, in one form or another, to existing professional news sites. This collaboration can be seen through readers posting their comments alongside stories written by professional reporters, like a 21st-century version of a letter to the editor. To prevent obscene or objectionable messages, many websites require readers to register in order to post. Readers are also adding their information to articles written by professional journalists. For instance, a reporter may do an article about disparities in gas prices around town. When the story appears online, readers can post information about gas prices in areas not covered in the original story and even offer tips on where to buy cheaper gas. This collaboration allows both citizen and professional journalists to craft a story together. Reporters might even ask readers with expertise in particular areas to send them information on that topic or even do some of their own reporting. That information is then incorporated into the final story. Some amateur journalists operate fully independent of traditional, professional news outlets. This can include blogs in which individuals can report on events in their communities or offer commentary on the issues of the day, YouTube channels where citizens give their own news reports and commentaries, and even unofficial print publications. Revolutionizing News Citizen journalism was once hailed as a revolution that would make news-gathering a more democratic process - one that would no longer solely be the province of professional reporters. It has had a significant impact on todays news, with many believing that citizen journalism is a threat to professional and traditional journalism. Social media has played a vital role in revolutionizing news. Many citizens are the first to report on breaking stories, with eye-witness videos, first-hand accounts, and real-time information, all using social media. Even news outlets will share breaking stories on social media before traditional means, but they have to still follow up with larger stories quickly or risk being outdated with their material in this fast-paced news environment. Social media doesnt just play a role in disseminating citizen-generated news; it also stands as a source for professional journalists to identify the stories they need to cover. A 2016 study by Cision indicated that more than 50% of professional journalists used social media to find and build stories. Despite its vast impact on our daily news, citizen journalism is not without its flaws. The biggest concern is the reliability of news, including fact-checking and the risk of incorrect information being disseminated.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Terrazas' Entrepreneural Skills and Power in Chihuahua Essay

Terrazas' Entrepreneural Skills and Power in Chihuahua - Essay Example Wealthy miners, haciendas and the landholder had no faith in the leadership and had to relocate locations that were more favorable. However, Terrazas once he took power in the 1860’s he managed to carry various form of transformation that saw his success. Consequently, this period saw the return of both the state and Hacendos to Chihuahua. After the defeat of French, he managed to establish a stable administration. The Apaches were fought to the end and new military colonies were established. There was also guarantee of land to the settlers so long as they could fight against the Indian raiders. His capability to fight off the Apache raiders made him popular among his people. He also managed to divert the tax revenue meant for the federal government and could fund the militia to fight the Indians hence majority of Chihuahuas population and the military colonist. He also used his power to acquire the largest and most progressive haciendas in this region. Moreover, Luis Terrazas had interest in mines and industries and imported machinery that raised production and this enabled him to compete in global arena. His political inclination was also geared toward his interest (Wasserman 15). In this reign, the Creel Terrazas family controlled nearly all the cattle ranches, mines and other form of business. This mostly generated a lot of dissatisfaction among the poor and the less privileged most of which were landless. This occurred mostly during the reign of dictator of Porfirio Diaz (Truthout Web). The role played by haciendas was significant to the elite as it provided much income for their business empire. The main reason for employing act of brutality was to annex land chunk of land from the local indigenous people for business expansion. Moreso, this was usually done with no authority from rural population and communities. During this reign, there was significant development that saw expansion in agriculture, mining and improved transport

Learning Team Dynamics and Considerations Term Paper

Learning Team Dynamics and Considerations - Term Paper Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that Team D was composed of five members with the objective of working together in the Small Groups and Team Communication Module. The group consisted of three gentlemen and two ladies. A number of goals were established for the group; to achieve the learning outcomes of the Small Groups and Team Communication Module; to make the group experience memorable and effective; to practically learn about group dynamics. The first objective was informed by necessity as all members attending the module were divided in five groups. The second objective was informed by the need to enjoy the experience in the group while at the same time achieving the first/main objectives efficiently. The third objective was established after about a week into the module after the realization that the group offered the members an opportunity to visualize what is learnt in theory. Upon analysis and literature consultation, the goals set by the group wer e not the most effective as they did not meet all the requirements of SMART goal making; specificity, measurability, achievability, realistic and timelines. While the first goal is SMART, the other two goals are not as specific and measurable. However, the group managed to achieve the three goals amid challenges and successes (discussed in the other areas of this paper) while noting that the deficiencies in goal making such as lack of specificity impacted all other aspects of the group. Communication Strategies, Dynamics and Outcomes Communication is a critical determinant of the team process and outcomes in a small group as argued by Rothwell (2010). The author also explains that communication within a group is a transactional and continuous process in which each party is both a sender and receiver. Importantly, communication competence- defined by proficiency/deficiency and how the group deals

Friday, October 18, 2019

Outline summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline summary - Essay Example ts include loving the truth, dividing the problems into its essential component, and analyzing each component, building a coherent theory, or argument from each of these component parts, and conjecture and refute by looking for possible counter-arguments against one’s position. The next commandments are revision and rebuilding one’s beliefs, seeking simpler explanations to problems that seem too complex using the parsimony principle, living the truth, and, finally, living the good (Pojman & Vaughn 5). Philosophy revolves around analyzing and constructing arguments, which is also referred to as logic. This involves the support of a thesis with reasons set forth as assertions that a statement is either false or true (Pojman & Vaughn 33). There are two types of arguments; inductive and deductive. Inductive arguments provide probable support for the conclusions, while deductive arguments provide support for the conclusion that is logically conclusive. The deductive argument that successfully offers logical support for the conclusion is valid, which means that where the premises are held to be true, it is not possible for the conclusions to be false. A deductive argument should, therefore, be valid and possess true premises, following which it is called a sound argument (Pojman & Vaughn 35). However, it is normally difficult for someone to state an author’s exact premises. Inductive arguments, on the other hand, do not seek to preserve the truth. It cannot guarantee that the truth of the conclusion is tied to that of the premise. It is meant to give conclusions probable support that makes it more likely that the conclusion is true than false (Pojman & Vaughn 37). If the inductive argument succeeds in doing this, it said to be a strong argument, while an inductive argument that does not provide a similar level of support to the conclusion is referred to as weak. Inductive arguments can reason from premises concerning groups and make conclusions about one

Case Study_Secondary Ticket Market Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study_Secondary Ticket Market - Case Study Example Whilst the teams earn extra revenue from this practice, the main problem is that tickets that are acquired through bad ways are set to tarnish their image. The success in sport is about creating good reputation so as to be in a position to create mutual understanding with the fans. The other problem is that the tickets sold at secondary markets are overpriced and this is detrimental to the teams involved. This is just as good as parallel market where in some instances the tickets are sold for a premium price while their actual value is far below that. This negatively impacts on the fans though the team owners benefit from this practice because they would be working hand in glove with the â€Å"scalpers.† In other words, some people end up reaping from where they did not sow and this is not good practice in as far as sport and gaming are concerned. The image of the team will be tarnished at the end of day and this is the reason why a team should make sure that opportunists do n ot short change the supporters. In the long run, it can be seen that the team will end up losing credibility as a result of the activities of the secondary ticket sellers who may be bent on fulfilling their selfish interests. When people lose trust in the team, it may not be able to generate more revenue since people may end up shunning it. It is problematic for a team to lose the supporters through unethical conduct by the secondary sellers of the tickets. This task should be performed by the agents employed by the team. Analysis and evaluation of the alternatives In the first place, the problem exists because there are some holders of seasonal tickets who feel that they cannot attend all games. As such they decide to sell these tickets to the secondary markets which will later resell them to the people who may be interested in buying them. Whilst this is not a very bad idea since it entails that the team will generate more revenue from this practice, it can be noted that there are certain problems associated with the whole arrangement. In order to address the loopholes identified above, it is imperative for the respective teams to put control measures that are meant to ensure that all unwanted tickets are sold through their offices. Instead of engaging secondary sellers to perform this particular function, the respective teams should create channels that are meant to ensure that unwanted tickets are sold through their office. However, the only disadvantage of this alternative is that the team may not be able to manage all centers that will be responsible for this exercise across the whole country. The other alternative is that the team involved should harness new information and communication technology such that the fans who want to resell their tickets can do it through its official website. If the team harnesses new information and technology, there are likely chances that the loopholes in the secondary ticketing system are eliminated. It also becomes eas y to communicate with the fans intending to sell their tickets such that there is transparency in all the transactions that may ensue. The major advantage of this method is that the internet is secure and transparency is likely to be enhanced since all transactions can be accounted for. All the ticket holders who feel that they no longer need to go to a particular game should approach the registered agents instead of going to secondary ticket holders

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Compensation Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Compensation Practice - Assignment Example We probably heard a typical expression: give and take. We should dependably things to individuals in return for what you issue them. Remuneration alludes to this Exchange, however in fiscal terms. Remuneration from the executive a representative criticism for work. Its simply the money related quality that head honchos trade for their workers with the administrations that representatives gave. Human Resource Management characterizes pay in these words "worker remuneration alludes to all types of compensation to laborers and emerging from their job (Hill & Jones, 2007). In the recent years many organizations including Verizon Communications Inc. have been designing implementing effective reward system demand to clear fit between the compensation strategy and overall business planning. Compensation system can be considered as the collection of pay decision utilized by administration that may under specific conditions influences organizational operations related to payment of workers and compensation of their various activities is done. (Lebow, 2012). Lately, numerous associations including Verizon Communications Inc. have been designing implementing effective reward system demand to clear fit between the compensation strategy and overall business planning (Hill & Jones, 2007). The degree attaining success related to various pay choices is dependent on the contingencies facing the management of question. For the case of Verizon Communications Inc., they Compensation practices are a set of commitments to following better compensation practices to employees. Compensation strategies act as a booster to motivate various employees as they work to achieve the organization goals. This is to say, any organization including Verizon Communications Inc., that have a better compensation strategy have been able to keep their trusted

Alex Schweder and His Practice-Flatland ( Precedent Report ) Research Paper

Alex Schweder and His Practice-Flatland ( Precedent Report ) - Research Paper Example Unlike the ordinary buildings built with blocks, implementing closure and invisible life within the walls, Flatland vividly expresses how individuals create and shape their houses and the impact the structures have on them later. According to Gratza, Schweder describes flatland project among others as that intended to ‘take things that are more subtle, and make them large enough for people to see’ – namely how architecture draws implicit boundaries and constructs relationships between people† (2013, p.141). Flatland structure is fascinating in the sense of the space and material used to sustain life in the contrived living space constructed. What makes Flatland interesting is the performance essence brought out through the architecture. First, the materials used to make the four story building are merely wood and metal beams, and visible glass walls in an unusually textured space. The idea of flatland project was living under the constant gaze of the audience through the transparent walls performing all their daily routines in the confinement of less than 20 m2 total space, where six housemates at one point shared for an intended 20 days period (Felthousen, 2008). The thin sliced sculpture approximately 60 centimeters wide in the story expresses creativity in housing and how people’s behaviors are influenced by the set up to harmoniously live together. The image below depicts the installation view of Flatland where the housemates ran their lives in the confined spacing. Like in the society, housemates in the Flatland structure needed to share the limited resources (space, kitchen, toilet, bathroom and stairs). Hence, there is need for a particular order and rules to guide the people in their daily routines. Without such, people get into conflicts and collide with each other in their roles. In Flatland, there were three rules: once one left the structure, he or she was not

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Compensation Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Compensation Practice - Assignment Example We probably heard a typical expression: give and take. We should dependably things to individuals in return for what you issue them. Remuneration alludes to this Exchange, however in fiscal terms. Remuneration from the executive a representative criticism for work. Its simply the money related quality that head honchos trade for their workers with the administrations that representatives gave. Human Resource Management characterizes pay in these words "worker remuneration alludes to all types of compensation to laborers and emerging from their job (Hill & Jones, 2007). In the recent years many organizations including Verizon Communications Inc. have been designing implementing effective reward system demand to clear fit between the compensation strategy and overall business planning. Compensation system can be considered as the collection of pay decision utilized by administration that may under specific conditions influences organizational operations related to payment of workers and compensation of their various activities is done. (Lebow, 2012). Lately, numerous associations including Verizon Communications Inc. have been designing implementing effective reward system demand to clear fit between the compensation strategy and overall business planning (Hill & Jones, 2007). The degree attaining success related to various pay choices is dependent on the contingencies facing the management of question. For the case of Verizon Communications Inc., they Compensation practices are a set of commitments to following better compensation practices to employees. Compensation strategies act as a booster to motivate various employees as they work to achieve the organization goals. This is to say, any organization including Verizon Communications Inc., that have a better compensation strategy have been able to keep their trusted

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Wool Trade Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wool Trade - Research Proposal Example A need for food imports to a certain extent was the consequence of this practice.2 The industrial revolution is generally viewed as a continuous, self-sustaining process of economic growth with the presence of production and consumption.3 However, there is evidence leading to the point that standards of food consumption of the rural poor has deteriorated to a predominantly bread and cheese diet since the enclosure system took away their pasturage and land.4 The occurrence of the Industrial Revolution created an impact contrary to that of agrarian revolution. The industrial Revolution opened the doors for enterprise and industry in which the Enclosure removed the opportunity of the small man.5 Before the eminence of wool trade, most European countries made cloth for domestic consumption although certain areas produced looms and dyeshops which found a market al over Europe and the Near East.6 With all these scenarios, certain forms of agrarian organizations detached themselves from the general picture and continued on with the traditional feudal setting. The medieval village continued to be self-sufficing despite the economic transformation of the social system and produced the bulk of food.7 It was England which was the largest and most imp... This paper aims to look at how the First Enclosure act influenced the industrial revolution of the 19th century which led to an industry that led to progress. Statement of the Problem This study seeks to determine how the First Enclosure act influenced the industrial revolution of the 19th century which led to an industry that led to progress. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What are the factors that led to the progress of the wool trade in the 19th century 2. How did the wool trade sustain the transformation of the mode of production from self-subsistence to capitalist production 3. How did the first enclosure act safeguard the emergence of the industrial revolution of the 19th century Significance of the Study This study is significant to a number of persons within the same domain as its theme, such as students and future researchers. For the students, it can help them further understand the relevance of the wool trade in relation to the bourgeoning of the present trade liberalization policies and practices. For future researchers, this study can serve as a secondary material in their furtherance of a research on the similar subject. Members of the academe can benefit from this study by making it a reference material on related subjects. Conceptual Paradigm The conceptual paradigm of this study operates in the illustration below: Research Methods The methods to be employed in this research are descriptive-qualitative method, historical analysis, and case studies. As a qualitative research, the study is concerned with process rater than outcomes or products.9 As a historical research, the historical analysis to be employed is based on the systematic collection and evaluation of data related to past occurrences in

Monday, October 14, 2019

Johnny Depp - A Philosopher Among Actors Essay Example for Free

Johnny Depp A Philosopher Among Actors Essay If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. In simple terms, this quote is referring to those who do not conform to the standards placed on them by their culture or subculture. In Hollywood, the way one becomes an A-List actor is by conforming to the Hollywood system: take the roles that provide the largest paychecks. Ben Affleck did not become a superstar celebrity by following his passion; Reindeer Games and Gigli are perfect examples of that. However, there is one actor who has consistently chosen his own roles, much to the dismay of his agent, based solely on his interest in the character he will portray. This actor has never taken a role that he did not feel passionate about, regardless of the flack he received from critics or the general public, and he is now one of Hollywoods finest. Johnny Depp stands out from the crowd because rather than conforming to the Hollywood standard he has become an A-List actor by following his own muse, or walking to the beat of a different drummer. A perfect example of Johnny Depps passion for his work is his starring role in the movie, Ed Wood, about Ed Wood, a filmmaker best known for making bad movies. It sounds ironic, but Johnny was insistent that this was a great movie. Despite, at the height of his career, being told that making this movie would ruin his professional image, he pursued the role. The movie was made, and it went on to win an Academy Award. Another example of Johnny Depps dedication is the movie Once Upon A Time In Mexico filmed in the heat of the summer of 2002. Because he wanted this role, Johnny agreed to film for seven consecutive days at 12-16 hours per day! A typical A-List actor will, under no circumstances, work for more than 8 hours per shooting day. Other movies that Depp was warned not to do, which went on to become successful were: Edward Scissorhands, Dead Man, Whats Eating Gilbert Grape, and Pirates of the Caribbean, for which he is nominated for Best Actor at the Academy Awards this year. Johnny Depp is renowned for his choice of movie roles. He does not simply work for the paycheck; he is truly pursuing his passion, and he has done it  quite successfully. Roger Ebert, a well-known film critic, has called Depp a modern Thoreau a philosopher among actors. At the 76th Annual Academy Awards, Johnny Depp was recognized specifically for his success in taking part in only films that he truly wanted to be a part of. Considering the standards that the industry places on actors, the fact that Johnny Depp has not sold out and taken a role simply for the money, is an admirable quality. If everyone possessed such commitment in their work, and more so, such conviction, life would be much more enjoyable to live.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Canadas Institutional Landscape And The Governments Ignorance Of Far :: essays research papers fc

Canada's Institutional Landscape and The Government's Ignorance of Farmer's Needs Saskatchewan farmers have been continually ignored in Canada's institutional landscape. Never has the situation been more evident as it is with the possibility of Quebec separation. The Canadian governments ignorance of farmers' needs has caused a cynical view of the political process in the eyes of farmers. One of the major sources of the cynicism is that Canadian federal institutions are developed so that most political of the clout is developed from the east. The eastern domination of the House of Commons, and indirectly the Senate, means that Saskatchewan wheat farmers do not have a strong voice in Canadian political decisions. But what does the Saskatchewan lack of representation in Canada's political institutions in Ottawa mean? What can Saskatchewan wheat farmers do to rectify the situation? And, following a Quebec separation what can wheat farmers do to uphold their livelihood? The intent of this report is to focus on the actions Saskatchewan wheat farmers can take to ensure their success in the future. A focus on the recent political policy decisions by the federal government, the need for intrastate institutional reform, and effects of a possible Quebec separation will all be analyzed. The current institutional landscape of Canada has not acted favorably for Saskatchewan wheat farmers. The development of the institutions, ie. the House of Commons and the Senate, and the policies that have developed from these institutions have continually ignored the needs of prairie farmers, emphasizing the cynicism Saskatchewan wheat farmers have towards the political process. The antipathy towards the political institutions has developed because of recent cost-cutting initiatives and deregulatory procedures by the government and by mis-representation of farmers' needs in government today. The failure of Saskatchewan wheat farmers to express their needs in the Canadian political arena successfully, when compared to other constituencies, is based on the fact that Saskatchewan's representation in Canada's political institutions is weak. The result is the development of policies contrary to what would be accepted by farmers. Saskatchewan wheat farmers, in accordance with most constituencies in the west, have desired a institutional change to the Upper House in Canada. In 1867, when the institutions were developed, the goal was to develop two different political "bodies". One, the House of Commons, would represent the Canadian people by means of elected representatives in a representation by population scenario. The second, the Senate, would be a source of "sober second thought." In its creation the senate was intended to protect the ideals of individual regions. However, to the chagrin of Saskatchewan wheat farmers, the intended regional focus of the senate never developed and, hence, the senate has